Brittleness or friability is a measure of how easily a material can be fractured, crushed, or broken. Brittleness can be determined by impacting the material with a controlled load. A very friable plastic, mineral, or abrasive would be considered weak and easily crushed or broken. A low-friability abrasive or mineral would be considered tougher and more difficult to mill or crush. The brittle point or ductile-to-brittle transition temperature is determined by testing a material at a series of decreasing temperatures until brittle behavior is observed.
Testers or test equipment determine the cohesion or internal friction of materials. These properties can be important in understanding the processing or end-use function of powders, soils, sands, rocks, and granular materials. In geophysical applications, bore hole or shear tests are used to determine cohesion and internal friction.
Consistency is the amount of dry solids (% solids) or fibers in pulp or paper stock. It determines how the pulp can be formed and processed into paper. If the consistency is too thin or too thick, a paper web will not form properly. The specific consistency required depends on the paper-forming equipment used and the product being formed.
Testers or test equipment determine the compactability or compressibility of materials. These properties can be important in understanding the processing or end-use function of powders, foams, filter media and other compressible or porous materials.
Testers are used to determine processability, plasticity, and viscoelastic properties. Plasticity is the amount of permanent plastic deformation a material can withstand without cracking.
Flowability provides an indication of the flow characteristics of a powder, granular material, slurry, or liquid. Powder flowability is determine through Carr index, basic flow index (BFI), Hausner ratio, angle of repose, internal friction, degree of floodability and other specialized or proprietary flow tests. Floodability is the degree to which a powder self-aerates and flows like a liquid. Slump tests determine the flowability or workability of a concrete, mortar or cement based material.
Smoothness is determined by porosity and uniformity (flatness or even-ness). Smoothness influences printability. A flat, even surface prints more consistently than a rough, uneven surface. A smooth surface provides better ink dot formation and sharper images.
A variety of different techniques or scales are available for smoothness testing. These include Bendtsen, Sheffield, Bekk, Parker Print Surf (PPS), Oken, and Gurley. Some instruments are based on one technique, but provide calculated equivalent smoothness reading values on other unit scales. Many of the instruments are based on surface air leak or air permeability test methods.
Texture analysis is primarily concerned with the evaluation of mechanical characteristics where a food is subjected to a controlled force from which a deformation curve of its response is generated. Texture analysis is an integral part of the production chain, generating benefits throughout, from research and development to process optimization and production. Key fundamental characteristics, which affect finished product texture quality are identified throughout the initial stages of development. From there they may be selected for at-line process control measurements. Common characteristics analyzed include hardness, cohesiveness, elasticity, adhesiveness, and viscosity. Secondary characteristics include brittleness, chewiness, and gumminess.
Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary configurations.
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Devices test substances that coat, fasten, bond, or seal materials. Adhesives that bond and seal are called adhesive sealants. Coatings are thin layers of protective or decorative compounds that are bonded to the surface of a substrate by a variety of methods. Wetting and surface energy are key properties in the processing and function of coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
Ceramics consist of oxides, carbides, nitrides, carbon, and other non-metals with high melting points. Ceramics are suitable for applications requiring wear resistance, refractoriness, low electrical resistivity, or other specialized characteristics.
Devices are designed to evaluate the properties or workability of concrete, mortar, or cement products. Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, and aggregate. Mortar contains these same ingredients along with hydrated lime and sand to facilitate workability and decrease working time.
Devices are designed to test food, drugs, drug additives, food additives, beverages, pharmaceutical materials, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), or food ingredients for properties such as contamination, flow, texture, stability, melting point, freezing point, foamability, dissolution, or water absorption.
Devices are designed to test polymers, plastics, and elastomers. Polymers are organic, synthetic, or processed materials typically consist of thermoplastic or thermosetting resins. Plastic testers or test equipment tests any of various organic compounds produced by polymerization. These materials can be molded, cast, or extruded into various shapes and films. Rubbers and elastomers are polymers that exhibit very high elasticity and resilience compared to plastic polymeric materials.
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Devices are benchtop, table-based, or floor-mounted gages or instruments where a part is both manually loaded and measured. The tester, instrument, or test equipment is a larger, free-standing or floor-mounted unit.
Sensors, instruments or monitors are mounted within or on a process line, piece of equipment, or machine tool in a production environment to allow continuous monitoring and control of specific materials or media properties.
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