Density Test Equipment

Density test equipment is used to test the density of materials. Density, a measure of mass per unit of volume, is usually expressed in units of grams per milliliter (g/mL) or grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). There are many different types of density measurements. Examples include gas density or skeletal density, bulk density or mercury density, envelope density, and tap density. Density is closely related to specific gravity or relative density, the ratio of the density of a material to the density of water.

The design of density test equipment depends on the type of density to be measured. The absolute density of a material is the weight of a sample divided by the sum of the volumes of the particles in the sample. True density or skeletal density uses gas displacement to determine the volume of sample under test. Pycnometers that use helium gas can measure powder density with high accuracy, because helium gas penetrates surface cavities as small as about one angstrom. Bulk density (loose bulk density, mercury density, or Hg density) is the total volume of material including the volume of any open or closed pores and small cavities within the sample. Tap density or packed bulk density is determined by applying a controlled packing force to the sample. Tapped bulk density is always greater than or equal to loose bulk density. Envelope density is the mass of an object divided by its volume where the volume includes that of its pores and small cavities.

Specifications for density test equipment include measuring range and accuracy, sample volume, and operating pressure range. Options for density test equipment include connection to other devices via data communications interfaces, data storage, automatic calibration, integral temperature sensors, and automatic compensation for temperature changes.

Density test equipment is covered by standards published by ASTM International (formerly called the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), such as ASTM C127-04 (density, relative density, and absorption of coarse aggregate) and ASTM C128-04a (density, relative density, and absorption of fine aggregate). The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) publishes many standard test methods that use density test equipment, for example, ISO 1183-1(density testing of non-cellular plastics), ISO 787-10 (density of pigments and extenders) and ISO 901 (absolute density of aluminum oxide).

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Part Numbers for Density Test Equipment