Oscilloscopes

Oscilloscopes translate an electronic signal into a pattern or waveform on a screen. As it is traced across the screen, the waveform creates a signature of the signal's characteristics. Specifications for oscilloscopes include bandwidth, number of input channels, number of trigger inputs, and resolution. Bandwidth is the frequency range over which oscilloscopes meet their accuracy specifications. Accuracy degrades at lower and lower frequencies unless the oscilloscope is capable of direct current (DC) response. Accuracy also degrades at higher frequencies near resonance and beyond, causing the output response to roll off. The number of input channels is the number of possible, simultaneous signal measurements. Channels can be differential or single-ended. The number of trigger inputs is the number of digital or discrete channels that oscilloscopes use for low-level on-off signals. Resolution refers to the degree of fineness of the digital word representing the analog value. A ten-bit number contains 2¹⁰ (1024) increments and allows a 0 - 10 V signal to be resolved into approximately 0.01 V increments. A 12-bit representation provides  2¹² (4096) increments of 0.0024 V for the same signal.

Oscilloscopes use a host interface to communicate with a host computer or other electronic device. Oscilloscopes can use a serial port, parallel port, modem or telephone line, universal serial bus (USB), general-purpose interface bus (GPIB), small computer systems interface (SCSI), or Ethernet connection. Serial ports transfer data one bit a time. RS232, RS422, and RS485 are common serial interfaces. Parallel ports transfer more than one bit at time. Personal computer (PC) printer ports and Centronics ports use parallel communications. Modems (modulators/demodulators) are devices or programs that enable a computer to transmit data over telephone lines. Universal serial bus (USB) is a 4-wire, 12-Mbps serial bus for low-to-medium speed peripheral device connections to personal computers (PC). The general-purpose interface bus (GPIB) is designed to connect computers, peripherals and laboratory instruments so that data and control information can pass between them. Small computer systems interface (SCSI) is an intelligent I/O parallel peripheral bus with a standard, device-independent protocol that allows many peripheral devices to be connected to the SCSI port. Other specialized and proprietary host interfaces for oscilloscopes are also available.

Oscilloscopes provide many different features. Some devices have a relay or switch output for limit detection or other state signalling. Others are powered by a replaceable or rechargeable battery, or are designed to be used while held in one hand. Oscilloscopes that are rated for high-power applications can monitor and/or display currents and voltages associated with electrical power or high-power switching. Typically, these currents and voltages are much higher that standard sensor signal levels. In terms of storage capacity, oscilloscopes can include  a hard drive, nonvolatile memory, or on-board random access memory (RAM). Removable storage media devices such as tapes, diskettes, and PCMCIA cards are also available.

Oscilloscopes that are marketed in Europe Union (EU) countries should meet two important directives: Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronics Equipment (WEEE). RoHS requires manufacturers of electronic and electrical equipment to demonstrate that their products contain only minimal levels of lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether. Waste Electrical and Electronics Equipment (WEEE) is and EU directive that is designed to encourage the reuse, recycling and recovery of electrical and electronic equipment. WEEE establishes requirements and criteria for the collection, treatment, recycling and recovery of such devices. WEEE also makes producers responsible for financing these activities, and requires retailers and distributors to provide a way for consumers to return used or obsolete equipment at no charge.

• Using LeCroy Digital Oscilloscope with MATLAB
  MATLAB is a software environment used by over 1,000,000 users world-wide in various industries and at more than 3,500 colleges and universities. Its high-level language and interactive environment...
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• DL9700/DL9500 Series of Digital Mixed Signal Oscilloscope
  Yokogawa has developed the DL9700/DL9500 series of mixed signal oscilloscope, featuring 32-bit maximum logic input, a 250-MHz maximum logic input toggle frequency, a maximum analog frequency bandwidth...
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• Probes and Probing
  The following section gives an overview of the basic characteristics of each of the major oscilloscopes probe types. In addition, a number of examples demonstrate how probe misuse can dramatically...
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Part Numbers for Oscilloscopes